BELAJAR TENTANG PARTS OF SPEECH

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Belajar grammar atau tata bahasa Inggris merupakan sebuah bagian yang takterpisahkan dalam belajar bahasa. meskipun ada orang yang mengatakan yang penting bisa omong dalam bahasa asing dengan penekanan pada yang penting sama2 paham meski grammar kacau tetap saja GRAMMAR adalah persoalan yang tidak bisa dihindari. terutama dalam konteks tradisi ilmiah baik diungkapkan secara lesan maupun tertulis. untuk itulah dibuatnya blog ini sebagai media untuk sama2 belajar bahasa inggris secara online.
berikut ini adalah contoh sebagian dari persolan grammar yang penting untuk diketahui. misalnya tentang PARTS OF SPEECH atau jenis2 kata dalam bahasa Inggris.
PARTS OF SPEECH

A. DEFINISI PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of Speech dalam bahasa Inggris berarti jenis-jenis kata atau kelas-kelas kata.
Disebut parts of speech – bagian-bagian dari ucapan atau bagian-bagian kalimat (ingat, pada dasarnya kalimat dalam bahasa adalah kalimat yang diucapkan, bukan dituliskan) – karena kata-kata ini merupakan suatu sistem yang diperlukan untuk membentuk sebuah kalimat, tanpa melihat apa tugas atau fungsinya masing-masing. Jadi, kata-kata itu merupakan “bahan dasar” di dalam sebuah “bangunan” kalimat, bukan “fungsi” kata di dalam kalimat. Mengapa demikian? Karena sebuah kata bisa mempunyai beberapa (lebih dari satu) fungsi dalam kalimat.
Secara lengkap, ada 9 jenis kata atau kelas kata dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu:

NO JENIS KATA KETERANGAN
1 Verb Verba atau kata kerja (misalnya: be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must)
2 Noun Nomina atau kata benda (misalnya: pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John)
3 Adjective Adjectiva atau kata sifat (misalnya: good, big, red, well, interesting)
4 Adverb Adverbia atau kata keterangan (misalnya: quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really)
5 Pronoun Pronomina atau kata ganti (misalnya: I, you, he, she, someone)
6 Preposition Preposisi atau kata depan (misalnya: to, at, after, on, but)
7 Conjunction Konjungsi kata hubung atau kata sambung (misalnya: and, but, when)
8 Interjection Interjeksi atau kata seru (misalnya: oh!, , hi!, ,ouch! well! )
9 Determiner Determiner atau kata pembatas atau kata sandang (misalnya: a, an, the, this, that, these, those, 78, some, any)



untuk lebih jelas sejelas2nya ^_^ tentang part of speech ini silakan klik links di bawah pada tiap itemnya misalnya:
1. apakah verb atau kata kerja itu?
2. apakah noun atau kata benda itu?
3. adjective atau kata sifat. apaan seh?^_^?
4. adverb atau kata keterangan
5. pronoun atau kata ganti: apaan seh?^_^
6. preposition atau kata depan
7. conjuction atau kata sambung
8. INTERjection atau kata seru
9. article atau kata sandang
more discussion on English grammar:
THE HOTTEST ENGLISH DISCUSSION FORUM FOR EVERYONE

Kachru's Three Circles of English

World Englishes refers to the emergence of localised or indigenisedvarieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in nations colonised by Great Britain or influenced by the United States. World Englishes consist of varieties of English used in diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally, and how sociolinguistic histories, multicultural backgrounds and contexts of function influence the use of colonial English in different regions of the world.

The issue of World Englishes was first raised in 1978 to examine concepts of regional Englishes globally. Pragmatic factors such as appropriateness, comprehensibility and interpretability justified the use of English as an international and intra-national language. In 1988, at a Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, the International Committee of the Study of World Englishes (ICWE) was formed.[In 1992, the ICWE formally launched the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE) at a conference of "World Englishes Today", at the University of Illinois, USA.^[1]

Currently, there are approximately 75 territories where English is spoken either as a first language (L1) or as an unofficial or institutionalisedsecond language (L2) in fields such as government, law and education. It is difficult to establish the total number of Englishes in the world, as new varieties of English are constantly being developed and discovered.^[2]

Komodo dan Nasionalisme Buta Kita

Oleh Isyana Artharini – Jum, 28 Okt 2011

BERITA NASIONAL LAINNYA

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Di tengah minimnya kabar baik, berita soal komodo masuk sebagai salah satu nomine 7 Keajaiban Dunia Baru oleh New 7 (Seven) Wonders of Nature tentu membuat bahagia. Setidaknya, akan ada satu lagi kekayaan Indonesia yang mendapat pengakuan dari dunia internasional.

Maka, berbondong-bondonglah berbagai figur publik menyerukan agar bangsa Indonesia menunjukkan nasionalismenya lewat mendukung komodo. Caranya? Dengan mengirim SMS ke 9818. Awalnya, SMS dukungan ini bernilai Rp 1000, sekarang, demi menggalakkan dukungan, SMS-nya hanya dikenai biaya Rp 1.

Pendukung kampanye ini tidak main-main. Mantan Wakil Presiden Jusuf Kalla menjadi duta resmi pemenangan Pulau Komodo. DariDPRD Manggarai Barat, sembilan hakim agung Mahkamah Konstitusi, MPR, berbagai pimpinan media massa dan pengusaha nasional, selebritas semacam Fadli 'Padi' dan RAN, Slank, bahkan sampai Presiden SBY pun menyerukan dukungan.

Masih suka pake rok mini? read this: 'It's completely inappropriate': Outrage as NYPD warns short skirts could get women RAPED

Artikel yang menarik yang menjawab pertanyaaan mengenai : [clean debate]adakah korelasi antara tingginya rok dan meningkatnya angka perkosaan?

Women in one of America’s most liberal neighbourhoods have been left outraged after being told by police not to wear short skirts in case it gets them raped.

Those living in Park Slope in Brooklyn, New York, are being warned they could grant a sex attacker ‘easy access’ with their provocative clothing and that they should change.

Short skirts should not be worn and shorts that show too much leg have been deemed inappropriate by male cops who are patrolling the streets.

The ‘advice’ is being given out in response to at least 10 unsolved sexual attacks that have taken place in the area since March.

But in Park Slope, which is famous for being liberal and feminist, the campaign has provoked fury.

Jessica Silk, founder of neighbourhood watch group Safe Slope, told the Wall St Journal that such a measure was ‘completely inappropriate’.

EFL, English as a foreign or second language

ESL (English as a second language), ESOL (English for speakers of other languages), and EFL (English as a foreign language) all refer to the use or study of English by speakers with different native languages. The precise usage, including the different use of the terms ESL and ESOL in different countries, is described below. These terms are most commonly used in relation to teaching and learning English, but they may also be used in relation to demographic information.

ELT (English language teaching) is a widely-used teacher-centred term, as in the English language teaching divisions of large publishing houses, ELT training, etc. The abbreviations TESL (teaching English as a second language), TESOL (teaching English to speakers of other languages) and TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) are also used.
Other terms used in this field include EAL (English as an additional language), EIL (English as an international language), ELF (English as a lingua franca), ESP (English for special purposes, or English for specific purposes), EAP (English for academic purposes). Some terms that refer to those who are learning English are ELL (English language learner), LEP (limited English proficiency) and CLD (culturally and linguistically diverse).

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The Implication of Culture on Translation Theory and Practice

ABSTRACT

Language is an expression of culture and individuality of its speakers. It influences the way the speakers perceive the world. This principle has a far-reaching implication fro translation. If language influences thought and culture, it means that ultimate translation is impossible. The opposite point of view, however, gives another perspective. Humboldt’s "inner" and "outer" forms in language and Chomsky’s "deep" and "surface" structures imply that ultimate translation is anyhow possible.
In practice, however, the possibility depends on the purpose and how deep the source text is embedded in the culture. The more source-text-oriented a translation is, the more difficult it is to do. Similarly, the deeper a text is embedded in its culture, the more difficult it is to work on.
Related to translation, culture manifests in two ways. First, the concept or reference of the vocabulary items is somehow specific for the given culture. Second, the concept or reference is actually general but expressed in a way specific to the source language culture. In practice, however, it is suggested that a translator should take into account the purpose of the translation in translating the culturally-bound words or expressions. The translation procedures discussed should also be considered.
Key words: culture, language universals, translation purpose, translation procedure, translation possibility


1. Cultural Consideration in Translation


It has been long taken for granted that translation deals only with language. Cultural perspective, however, has never been brought into discussion. This can be seen in most of the following definitions.
The first definition is presented by Catford (1965: 20). He states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. In this definition, the most important thing is equivalent textual material. Yet, it is still vague in terms of the type of equivalence. Culture is not taken into account.
Very much similar to this definition is that by Savory (1968) who maintains that translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions.
Next, Nida and Taber (1969) explain the process of translating as follows.

Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

In Translation: Applications and Research, Brislin (1976: 1) defines translation as:"the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf."

Identical with the above definition is the one proposed by Pinhhuck (1977: 38). He maintains that "Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance".

In the definitions appearing in 1960s-1970s, some similarities have been found: (1) there is a change of expression from one language to the other, (2) the meaning and message are rendered in the TL, and (3) the translator has an obligation to seek for the closest equivalent in the TL. Yet, there is no indication that culture is taken into account except in that of Nida and Taber.
Actually Nida and Taber themselves do not mention this matter very explicitly. Following their explanation on "closest natural equivalent", however, we can infer that cultural consideration is considered. They maintain that the equivalent sought after in every effort of translating is the one that is so close that the meaning/message can be transferred well.

The concept of closest natural equivalent is rooted in Nida's concept of dynamic equivalent. His celebrated example is taken from the Bible, that is the translation of "Lamb of God" into the Eskimo language. Here "lamb" symbolizes innocence, especially in the context of sacrifice. As a matter of fact, Eskimo culture does not know "lamb". Thus, the word does not symbolize anything. Instead of "Lamb of God", he prefers "Seal of God" to transfer the message. Here he considers cultural aspects.

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Linkin Park - Hands Held High Lyrics

turn my mic louder i got to say something
lightweights step it aside we come in
feel in your chest / the syllables get pumping
people on the street they panic and start running
words on loose leaf sheet complete coming
i jump in my mind and summon the rhyme i'm dumping
healing the blind i promise to let the sun is
sick of the dark ways we march to the drum and
jump when they tell us that they wanna see jumping
fuck that / i wanna see some fists pumping
risk something / take back what's yours
say something that you know they might attack you for
cause i'm sick of being treated like i have before
like it's stupid standing for what i'm standing for
like this war's really just a different brand of war
like it doesn't cater to rich and abandon poor
like they understand you in the back of the jet / when you
can't put gas in your tank / and these fuckers are
laughing their way to the bank / cashing the check
asking you to have compassion / have respect
for a leader so nervous in an obvious way
stuttering and mumbling for nightly news to replay
and the rest of the world watching at the end of the day
in their living room laughing like
what did he say

Film review: Kurtlar Vadisi Filistin (Valley of the Wolves: Palestine)

Written by : Andini Angger El Falasteen

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In this year there is a movie, great movie, not Transformers 3 or Harry Potter and the deathly Hallows part 2. The title is Valley of the Wolves Palestine, perhaps you never heard about this movie. This movie has released on January 28, 2011, for my opinion this movie is the greatest movie.

The action movie created by Turkey people and has been very expensive movie with cost US$10 million. The basic story of this movie is about assassination of Palestinian civilians in Gaza Strip on December 27, 2008 until January 21, 2009. Taken in Gaza Strip and West Bank, main actor of this movie is Polat Alemdar, a secret agent of Turkish. He has teamed whose aid him; they are Memati Bass, Abdülhey Çoban and Abdullah. Their mission is infiltrate into Israel to revenge the ninth Turkish’s whose killed on freedom flotilla incident, Mavi Marmara, and revenge the Palestinians suffering.

Scene opened by Mavi Marmara incident which attacked by Israel navy at international water. Then the movie will show the brutal scenes of Israel to Palestinians people, such as bombardment, kidnapping Palestinian children, expulsion, and also catching Palestinian youths.

All Mr.Fay’s Most Favourite Poems

(1)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
By Robert Frost

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer,
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.

Hi gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely ,dark, and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

what's SEMIOTICS?

Semiotics

 Semiotics is the study of signs. Semioticians study the laws of signs, the methods and their explenations. They try to unlock the codes of the signs and this is more than just studying lingouistics. Signs are everywhere,signs are pictures,letters,words.. All those symbols that people have created to communicate with each other,but even more than this. Semiotics is categorised into 3 groups of studies:Semantics,Syntactics,Pragmatics.This study of signs started in the 19th century.
I am generally very interested in Semiotics because I find it fascinating to study the symbols and their meaning. I like symbols because they are something like a “universal language” as they are the most ancient way of communication between people of the old world. Thus I believe that their study is something very important.

 

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POEMS TAKEN FROM A HANDBOOK OF 2ND GRADE ISLAMIC PRIMARY SCHOOL OF INDIA

A  PRAYER ALLAH, we thank thee for the night And for the pleasant morning light. For rest and food and loving care, And all that makes the world so fair. Help us to do the things we should, To be to others kind and good. In all we do, in all we say, To grow more loving everyday

ALLAH Say, ALLAH is One, Like HIM there is none. No son or daughter has HE, Nor born to any is HE. All things bright and beautiful, All creatures so, so wonderful, All things, big and small, ALLAH alone made them all.

yoris sebastian and creative junkies

Yoris Sebastian (lahir di Ujung Pandang, 5 Agustus 1972; umur 39 tahun^[1]) adalah seorangpengusaha asal Indonesia yang dikenal bergerak dalam bidang industri kreatif.^[1] Pada usia 26 tahun, Yoris terpilih menjadi GM (General Manager) Hard Rock Cafe Indonesia, menjadi GM termuda se-Asia dan termuda kedua di dunia.^[2] Pada usia 34 tahun, selepas keluar dari Hard Rock, ia mendirikan sebuah perusahaan konsultan kreatif OMG (Oh My Goodness).^[3]

Yoris terkenal dalam hal inovasi dan ide kreatif.^[4] Pria yang suka minum air putih ini menunjukkan konsistensinya dalam membuat ide-ide kreatif yang tidak biasa yang dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal juga sebagai berpikir out of the box.^[4] Menurutnya, ide kreatif akan segera berkembang bila dimulai dengan hal yang kecil (start small).^[5]

Pada usia 19, selepas kuliah di SMA Pangudi Luhur, ia magang di Majalah Hai. Di sanalah Yoris mulai berkecimpung dalam dunia kreatif. Kemudian ia meneruskan kariernya di Hard Rock Café Jakarta sebagai General Manager pada usia 26 tahun.^[4] Ia dinobatkan sebagai GM Hard Rock Café termuda di Asia dan termuda kedua di dunia.^[2]

[]Karier

Yoris memperkenalkan program I like Monday di Hard Rock Café Jakarta pada 2003.^[]Ketika semua tempat hiburan menitikberatkan pengadaan acara pada hari libur dan akhir minggu, Yoris mengadakan acara musik di hari Senin yang merupakan hari paling sepi kunjungan.^[2] Yoris juga membuat program bertajuk Destination Nowhere yang berarti Tujuan Tidak Kemanapun, juga pada 2003.^[] Sebuah acara jalan-jalan yang jadwalnya tidak disampaikan pada pesertanya.^[2] Dalam pesawat saat berada diudara , acara ini membawa Band Cokelat yang juga melakukan peluncuran album di atas ketinggian 30.000 kaki.^[] Hal ini kemudian diabadikan oleh MURI (Museum Rekor Indonesia).^[2]

DOWNLOAD FILM TAARE ZAMEEN PAR

FILM TAARE ZAMEEN PAR

Tanggal Rilis : 21 December 2007 (Canada)
Jenis Film : Drama
Diperankan Oleh : Darsheel Safary, Aamir Khan and Tanay Chheda

Ringkasan Cerita FILM TAARE ZAMEEN PAR :

Ini dia salah satu film karya negeri India. Taare Zameen Par [2007] merupakan film yang cocok untuk ditonton untuk anak-anak dan keluarga karena film ini mengajarkan moral yang baik. Untuk versi luarnya judul film ini adalah Like Stars on Earth. Seperti halnya film yang fenomenal kemarin, 3 Idiots, film ini juga menceritakan mengenai pendidikan. Bercerita mengenai nilai nilai pendidikan yang ada. Yang pasti film ini rekomendasi untuk ditonton.

Film Taare Zameen Par bercerita tentang seorang anak kelas 3 setingkat SD yang idiots, yang bernama Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi susah menangkap perintah dan kata-kata orang lain dan setiap kata-kata dan tulisan yang dilihatnya seolah-olah tulisannya itu seperti menari-nari. Sekolah yang dirasakan terasa sangat sulit. susah untuk mengerjakan pelajaran.

Orang tuanya selalu menekan dia untuk selalu belajar sesuai dengan orang normal yang lainnya. Ketika dia salah orang tua selalu memarahinya. Orang tuanya tidak tahu kondisi yang terjadi kepadanya. Selama sekolah Ishaan juga menjadi bahan ejekan temen-temenya. Bahkan gurunya pun juga sering memarahinya karena dia mempunyai kekurangan tersebut. Mengetahui kondisi tersebut orang tuanya malah mendaftarkan anaknya untuk mengikuti program asrama.

LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE VIEW ON COMMERCIAL ADS SLOGAN

apple-and-blackberry-were-just-fruits"][/caption]

A. INTRODUCTION

The meaning of words in a language is related to their referents in the real world. At above words there are eleven words which will be elaborated each of its referent: LIFE, APPLE,WAS, MUCH, EASIER, WHEN, APPLE, AND, BLACKBERRY, WERE, JUST and FRUITS. Those words can be described as follows:




B. DISCUSSION:

At first there is a word of "Life". This word as the part of message of that slogan is given by human being aimed at the same kind of creature. So, the word "Life" in this case refers to the life of human being in living their daily life. Then it is stated that "Life was much easier" which means that human life in the past time was assumed as "lesser difficulty or "much easier". The life of human being will be predictably easier if "Apple and Blacberry were just fruits". In this context the communicator try to propose a problem by delivering a direct comparison between the entity of Apple and Blackberry as the real fresh fruits and Apple and Blackberry as modern technological gadget findings.

Distinguishing Pragmatics from Semantics

A Brief Survey of Principles and Definitions

Question: What principles or definitions have been offered in the literature for distinguishing pragmatics from semantics?

The question of how semantics relates to pragmatically oriented theories is, Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet (1990) say, "wide open." For them, semantics deals with those aspects of meaning that remain constant whenever a given expression is uttered: Semantics covers what expressions mean, while pragmatics covers what speakers mean in using the expressions.

Along these lines, it is standard, Green (1989) says, to distinguish between what a sentence means and what a speaker intends to convey by the utterance of the sentence, and to restrict the role of semantics to explicating the meaning of sentences in terms of conditions that must be fulfilled for the sentence to be used to truthfully describe a situation.

Thus: Aspects of the interpretation of utterances that do not involve truth conditions are commonly considered outside the domain of semantics, Green (1989) says. Whether an utterance is a promise, a prediction, or a question and how metaphorical expressions are understood are matters of pragmatics, not semantics.

More: Semantics is compositional: The meaning of a complex expression relates in a predictable way to the meanings of the parts from which it is constructed. The meaning of the whole is a function of the meaning of the parts.

A tribute to Rachel Corrie

" I'm here for other childen.
I'm here because I care.
I'm here because children everywhere are suffering, and because 40,000 people die each day from hunger.
I'm here because those people are mostly children.

We have got to understand that the poor are all around us, and we're ignoring them.
We have got to understand that these deaths are PREVENTABLE.
We have got to understand that people in third-world countries think and care and smile and cry, just like us.
We have got to understand that they are us, we are them.

My dream is to stop hunger by the year 2000.
My dream is to give the poor a chance.
My dream is to save the 40,000 people who die each day.
My dream can and will come true, WHEN we all look into the future, and see the light that shines there."

APA BEDA ANTARA GRAMMAR DAN STRUCTURE?

pertanyaan:
Dear all,

Apa sebenarnya perbedaan antara (grammar) tata bahasa dan struktur (structure) ? Jika mereka adalah sama, mengapa mereka digunakan bersama-sama? Thanks in advance.
jawaban:
Tata bahasa adalah suatu sistem aturan produksi yang digunakan untuk mengurai dan menghasilkan makna, pengucapan, morfologi, dan sintaksis kalimat. Struktur mengacu pada komponen-komponen suara yang diberikan, kata, frase, dan kalimat. Sebagai contoh, kalimat
kalimat dalam bahasa inggris : Jed drinks milk:

Syntactic structure: subject+verb+object
Production rule: English is an SVO language

Morphological structure: drink takes -s
Production rule: a subject must agree with its verb

jawaban lain:
Tata bahasa (grammar) adalah norma-norma sosial, sikap komunal, atau konvensi kolektif. Struktur adalah variasi sintaksis dan morfologi masyarakat yang telah mencapai konsensus

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